The Great Gatsby Appearance Vs Reality Essay Example

The Great Gatsby: Appearance Vs Reality Paper Appearance VS Reality in The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald presents multiple themes and characters that have an overlaying fapde that they portray throughout the novel. Fitzgeralds main representation of illusion is with James Gatz or Jay Gatsby as he is known in the time covered in the novel. Gatsby can also be considered to be the embodiment of illusion within the novel. It is revealed that James Gatz created the persona of Jay Gatsby. As the novel continues it becomes apparent that James Gatz no longer exists and that Gatz has completely internalised Jay Gatsby making it his true identity. This appears to have damaging effects on Gatsby that we find out throughout the novel, however Gatsby appears to be in denial about these effects Cant repeat the past? Why of course you can! In order for Gatsby to preserve his identity he has to keep up the fapde of having a wealthy upbringing and that he attended Oxford. The reason as to why he invents this persona is evident from the beginning of being introduced to his character. Gatsby uses his phony identity to achieve a higher social status using his frivolous parties to prove his wealth In his blue gardens men and girls came and ent like moths among the whisperings and the champagne and the stars. However it is implied that he actually got his money from illegal trading. We will write a custom essay sample on The Great Gatsby: Appearance Vs Reality specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Great Gatsby: Appearance Vs Reality specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Great Gatsby: Appearance Vs Reality specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The novel is set during prohibition and it is implied that Gatsby gained his money as a bootlegger and used drugstores as a front for his bootlegging. To illuminate how Gatsby created his new identity, Nick Carraway compares him to Jesus Christ, therefore a comparison can be made that Gatsby transformed himself into the ideal man that he envisioned, a Platonic conception of himself. Gatsby influences other characters with his llusions of grandeur of the American Dream, to the extent that they become corrupted by wealth. Gatsby corrupts Daisy with the wealth he provides her and is ignorant to how he is influencing her It makes me sad because IVe never seen such †such beautiful shirts before. The only way he believes he can have Daisy is by buying her affections and as he only focuses on chasing the American Dream he is oblivious to the fact that he is unworthy of this dream and therefore unworthy of her. However, a part of Gatsby is aware of this and the reason he creates his fictitious family is to impress her. In the defence of Gatsby, Daisy lives in her own world of illusions, its apparent that she only marries Tom for his money and what his money grants her, which in this case is whatever she desires of love, of money, of unquestionable practicality, this quote states that she loves him but the other two reasons act as a counterargument for her love for Tom. Daisy also appears to be in denial about the affair she is having but is exhibiting signs of guilt, for example when Pammy says Wheres Daddy Daisy replies She doesnt look like her father, explained Daisy. She looks like me. Shes got my hair and shape of face. In a description of Sylvia Plaths copy of Great Gatsby, Plath underlines She looks like me and writes no real relation to the child this could be in relation to Plaths famous poem Daddy in which she examines a parents objectification of a child in a negative light. Daisys participation in her marriage appears to be dependent on her love for fact to gain her affections. Daisy likes to live in a world of illusions as it allows her to be ignorant to her husbands infidelity with Myrtle Wilson and gives her Justification to be with Gatsby. Daisy also appears to be proud of this way of life and has aspirations for Pammy, her daughter to be the same And I hope shell be a fool. Thats the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool. Daisy also embodies illusion on a symbolic level, she is often in white which symbolises purity which on the outside is her fapde, that she is pure and without ill will, but she is actually corrupted by money which is often symbolised through gold or green, these colours represent the flower she is named after Daisy. Nick Carraway is one of the novels characters that lives in reality Theyre a rotten crowd. Youre worth the whole damn bunch put together, this occurs when Nick realises to what extent money corrupts people. Even though Nick sees reality he still allows money to somewhat possess him at the will of Gatsby who is aware of this. Nick is not as corrupted as the other characters and its portrayed through his modest house and the fact that he doesnt lie or cheat. Its discovered that Tom is having an affair with Myrtle and she is then killed by Daisy, we see George Wilson fashion one of the most prominent illusions in the novel in which he turns the illusion of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg into an actuality. George and Myrtle Wilson live in the valley of ash. George finds an old billboard that advertises the previously mentioned optometrist. The billboard has gargantuan eyes that are used to represent an omnipotent being, in making this observation; we can see that George is personifying the billboard. After George discovers of Myrtles death he seeks guidance from the God like illusion of Eckleburg God knows what youVe been doing, everything youVe been doing, George believes that Gatsby has been having an affair with Myrtle and also that Gatsby was the one hat killed her with his yellow car. George then responds religiously and asks the God like Eckleburg to enact revenge on Gatsby which results in Gatsbys death and Georges suicide, thus making Georges illusion of Eckleburg as God, a reality. Through the events seen as illusions, such as Doctor T. J. Eckleburg, Daisys love for Gatsby and Gatsby destroying his empire for her, Fitzgerald uses these illusions to demonstrate that humans turn to illusions and to things that they know are untrue to create, what can be described as unrealistic and often excessive, impossible realities hat we dream of and what most of the characters in the novel seek and is labelled as the American Dream Martin Amis conveys characters that partially contrast to F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby, as Amis portrays John Self as completely ignorant to the reality that he is living, this is unlike Fitzgeralds character Gatsby, who is very much aware of the illusion that he has fabricated. However the two characters do share the same corrupt persona that impacts their relationships with other characters, Self sees corruption as an attractive attribute especially with Selina l love her corruption. Selfs discovery that Barry is not his father could be Amiss attempt at symbolising the loss of the self and finally seeing passed the illusion at reality Dont you know anything, you bitchs bastard. This is similar to Gatsbys revelation that Daisy will never leave Tom. Both events signify the admission of reality and that the characters have failed to reach their goal, Gatsby has failed to achieve the American Dream and Self has failed to gain the social status that he desires. stately calm Amiss use of the phrase stately calm portrays Self in a dignified anner which contrasts to John Self previously in the novel, this suggests that the discovery that Barry isnt his father allows him to become a different person Fat John, the loss of Self gives John the opportunity to become a better person. However Self is lazy and neglects this opportunity and decides that suicide is the best solution to his problem life and even blames life for this realisation Deciding is the hard part, and life has decided for me This is not a solution, its voluntary ignorance, which is a major theme throughout the novel and is even given its own character Frank the Phone. Frank acts as an indirect confessional for Self and allows him to confront his indiscretions mfou Just take women and use them. Then you toss them aside like a salad Unfortunately, for the most part Self is arrogant and refuses to even acknowledge his indiscretions Lots of rich pretty people are expecting me downtown. Frank states that Women, for you, are Just pornography, contextually, during the 1980s pornography was very cheap due to the invention of the home video, Amiss use of this knowledge allows us to reinforce the idea that Selfs idea of women is that they are easy and to be used to pass the time. This kind f misogyny is similar to The Great Gatsby and Fitzgerald is often criticised for being a misogynist. Selfs misogyny is similar to Tom Buchanan who, when finding out of his wifes infidelity, was less disturbed about the affair, than the fact she was involved with a man of inferior social class l suppose the latest thing is to sit back and let Mr. Nobody from Nowhere make love to your wife. Both Tom and Johns misogyny and hypocrisy both assert themselves with a vengeance. There must have been moments even that afternoon when Daisy tumbled short of his dreams not through her own fault but because of the colossal vitality of his illusion

Bear Facts

Bear Facts Bears (Ursus species) are large, four-legged mammals that have a unique status in pop culture. They are not quite as cuddly as dogs or cats; not quite as dangerous as wolves or mountain lions; but they are decidedly ever-compelling objects of fear, admiration, and even envy.  Found in a variety of environments from Arctic ice pack to tropical forests, bears live on every continent except Antarctica. Fast Facts: Bears Scientific Name: Ursus sppCommon Names: Bear, pandaBasic Animal Group: Mammal  Size (length): Sun bear: 4–5 feet; brown bear: 5–10 feetWeight: Sun bear: 60–150 pounds; brown bear 180–1300 poundsLifespan: 20–35 yearsDiet:  OmnivoreHabitat: Woodlands, grasslands, deserts, temperate and tropical forests, on all continents except AntarcticaConservation Status: Least Concern: Brown bears, American black bear; Vulnerable: sloth bear, polar bear, giant panda, sun bear, spectacled bear, Asian black bear Description With some minor exceptions, all eight bear species have  roughly the same appearance: large torsos, stocky legs, narrow snouts, long hair, and short tails. With their plantigrade postures- walking upright on two feet- bears  walk flat-footed on the ground like humans but unlike most other mammals. Bears range in color with species: Black, brown and Andean bears are typically red-brown to black; polar bears are generally white to yellow; Asiatic bears are black to brown with a white patch and sun bears are brown with a yellow crescent on their chest.  They range in size from the sun bear (47 inches tall and weighing 37 pounds) to the polar bear, (nearly 10 feet tall and weighing 1,500 pounds).   Buck Shreck/Getty Images Species Scientists recognize eight species as well as numerous subspecies of bears, which live in different regions, that have differences in body shape and coloration. American black bears  (Ursus americanus)  live in  North America and Mexico; their diet consists primarily of leaves, buds, shoots, berries, and nuts. Subspecies of this bear include the cinnamon bear, the glacier bear, the Mexican black bear, the Kermode bear, the Louisiana black bear,  and several others. Asian black bears (Ursus thibetanus)  live in Southeast Asia and the Russian Far East. They have blocky bodies and patches of yellowish-white fur on their chests, but otherwise resemble American black bears in body shape, behavior, and diet.   Brown bears (Ursus arctos)  are some of the worlds largest terrestrial meat-eating mammals. They range across North America, Europe, and Asia and include numerous subspecies, such as the Carpathian bear, the European brown bear, the Gobi bear, the grizzly bear, the Kodiak bear,  and several others. Polar bears  (Ursus maritimus)  rival brown bears in size. These bears are restricted to a circumpolar region in the Arctic, reaching south into northern Canada and Alaska. When theyre not living on pack ice and shorelines, polar bears swim in open water, feeding  on seals and walruses. Giant pandas  (Aeluropoda melanoleuca)  feed almost exclusively on bamboo shoots and leaves in the central and southern regions of western China. These distinctly patterned bears have black bodies, white faces, black ears,  and black eyespots.   Sloth bears (Melursus ursinus)  stalk the grasslands, forests, and scrublands of Southeast Asia. These bears have long, shaggy coats of fur and white chest marks; they feed on termites, which they find using their acute sense of smell. Spectacled bears  (Tremarctos ornatos) are the only bears native to South America, inhabiting cloud forests at elevations over 3,000 feet. These bears once lived in coastal deserts and high-elevation grasslands, but human encroachment  has restricted their range. Sun bears  (Helarctos malayanos) live in the lowland tropical forests of Southeast Asia. These small ursines  have the shortest fur of any bear species, their chests marked with light, reddish-brown, U-shaped patches of fur. Diet and Behavior Most bears are omnivorous, feasting opportunistically on animals, fruits, and vegetables, with two important outliers: The polar bear is almost exclusively carnivorous, preying on seals and walruses, and the panda bear subsists entirely on bamboo shoots. Oddly enough, though, pandas digestive systems are relatively well adapted to eating meat. Because the vast majority of bears live in high northern latitudes, they need a way to survive the winter months when food is dangerously scarce. Evolutions solution is hibernation: Bears go into a deep sleep, lasting for months, during which their heart rates and metabolic processes slow drastically. Being in hibernation isnt like being in a coma. If sufficiently roused, a bear can wake up in the middle of its hibernation, and females have even been known to give birth in the deep of winter. Fossil evidence also supports  cave lions preying on hibernating cave bears during the last Ice Age, though some of these bears woke up and killed the unwelcome intruders. Bears may be the most antisocial mammals on the face of the earth. Full-grown bears are almost entirely solitary. This is good news for campers who accidentally encounter lone grizzlies in the wild, but quite unusual when compared with other carnivorous and omnivorous mammals, ranging from wolves to pigs, that tend to congregate in at least small groups. Depending on species, a bears basic communication needs can be expressed with  about seven or eight different words- huffs, chomps, groans, roars, woofs, growls, hums, or barks. The most dangerous sounds for humans are roars and growls, which denote a frightened or agitated bear defending its territory. Huffs are generally produced during mating and courtship rituals; hums- a bit like the purrs of cats, but much louder- are deployed by cubs to demand attention from their mothers, and moans express anxiety or a sense of danger. Giant pandas have a slightly different vocabulary than their ursine brethren: In addition to the sounds described above, they can also chirp, honk, and bleat. Evolutionary History Given the proliferation of so-called bear dogs millions of years ago- including the standard-bearer of the family, Amphicyon- you might assume that modern bears are most closely related to dogs. In fact, molecular analysis shows that the closest living relatives of bears are pinnipeds, the family of marine mammals that includes seals and walruses. Both of these mammalian families descend from a last common ancestor, or concestor, that lived sometime during the Eocene epoch, about 40 million or 50 million years ago. The exact identity of the progenitor species, however, remains a matter of speculation. Given that the populations of medieval Europe didnt have much contact with polar bears or panda bears, it makes sense that European peasants  associated bears with the color brown- which is where the English name of this animal derives, from the old Germanic root bera. Bears are also known as  ursines, a word that has ancient roots in Proto-Indo-European languages that were spoken as far back as 3500 BCE. The long history of this word makes sense, given that the first human settlers of Eurasia lived in close proximity to cave bears  and sometimes worshiped these beasts as gods. Amphicyon, the bear dog. Wikimedia Commons Reproduction and Offspring Like their close cousins seals and walruses, bears are some of the most sexually dimorphic animals on earth- that is to say, male bears  are significantly bigger than females​, and, what is more, the bigger the species, the larger  the disparity in size. In the largest brown bear subspecies, for instance, males weigh about 1,000 pounds and females only slightly more than half that. However, even though female bears are smaller than males, theyre not exactly helpless. They vigorously defend their cubs from male bears, not to mention any humans foolish enough to interfere with the child-rearing process. Male bears, however, will sometimes attack and kill cubs of their own kind, in order to induce females to breed again. Although there are some differences among the species, in general, female bears generally become sexually mature at between 4 and 8 years of age and have litters every three or four years. Bear breeding occurs during the summers- it is the only time when adult bears get together at all- but implantation doesnt typically occur until late autumn. Total gestation time is 6.5–9 months. Cubs are born singly or up to three at a time, generally in January or February, while the mother is still in hibernation. The young usually stay with their mother for two years. After mating, females are left to raise the young by themselves for a period of about three years, at which point- eager to breed with other males- the mothers chase the cubs away to fend for themselves. James Hager / Getty Images Threats Considering that early humans used to worship bears as gods, our relationship with ursines hasnt exactly been stellar over the last few hundred years. Bears are especially susceptible to habitat destruction, are often hunted for sport, and tend to become the scapegoats whenever campers are attacked in the wild or garbage cans are overturned in suburbs. Today, the largest threats to bears are deforestation and human encroachment, and, for polar bears, climate change which is reducing the environment in which they live. On the whole, black and brown bears are holding their own, even though adverse interactions with humans have increased as their habitats become more constricted. Conservation Status According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, the sun bear, sloth bear, Asiatic, and spectacled bears are all listed as Vulnerable and decreasing in population; the polar bear is also listed as Vulnerable but its population status is unknown. The American black bear and brown bear is considered Least Concern and increasing in numbers. The giant panda is Vulnerable but increasing in population.   Bears and Humans Within the past 10,000 years, human beings have domesticated cats, dogs, pigs, and cattle- so why not bears, an animal with which Homo sapiens has coexisted since the end of the Pleistocene epoch? One explanation is that since bears are intensely solitary animals, theres no room for a human trainer to insert himself into the dominance hierarchy as the alpha male. Bears also pursue such varied diets that it would be difficult to keep even a tame population well-supplied. Perhaps most importantly, bears are anxious and aggressive when stressed, and simply dont have suitable personalities to be  house  or yard pets. Sources Dharaiya, N., H.S. Bargali, and T. Sharp. Melursus ursinus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T13143A45033815, 2016.McLellan, B.N.et al. Ursus arctos (amended version of 2017 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T41688A121229971, 2017.Scotson, L. et al. Helarctos . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T9760A123798233, 2017.malayanus (errata version published in 2018)Swaisgood, R., D. Wang, and F. Wei.Ailuropoda melanoleuca (errata version published in 2017). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T712A12174566, 2016. Wiig, Ø. et al. Ursus maritimus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T22823A14871490, 2015.

How Consumer Attitudes & Behaviors Affect Their Purchases Essay

How Consumer Attitudes & Behaviors Affect Their Purchases - Essay Example These savvy marketers understands their consumers’ behavior and thus able to distinguish between attitudes and beliefs. Every year, firms (through their marketing departments) heavily invest in researches to identify consumers’ attitudes which are more likely influence their purchasing behavior. Marketers go ahead to persuade consumers through promotions and advertising in order to win consumer loyalty. Consumer Attitudes In marketing, attitude is defined as â€Å"the general evaluation of a product or service formed over time† (Maxfield, 2012). Attitude greatly affects the purchasing and buying habit of consumers as well as satisfying personal motives of the consumers. As such, consumer attitude is defined as a composite of beliefs, behavioral intention and feelings. On the other hand, behavioral intention of consumers is defined (in marketing content) by consumers’ beliefs and feeling about a given product. Consumer feeling and behavior are treated toget her as they are relatively interdependent, thus collectively representing purchasing force of the consumer. This relationship and interdependency can be represented as below: Attitude is majorly a psychological term that applies in all fields involving human beings. Attitude refers to the inner feelings and understanding of individuals towards certain object or concepts. Attitude may be either negative or positive depending on the existing environmental factors triggering the feeling. Behavior on the other hand, refers to individuals’ reactions or actions towards certain environmental elements in response to the internal or external stimuli. Attitudes and behaviors of customers have almost similar effects on the buying trend of certain product. Attitudes exist in three main components that include cognitive, affective and behavior. Cognitive component of consumer attitude relates to the general consumer’s belief about a certain product. Affective component of the consu mer attitude attributes to feelings and emotional response of customers towards particular objects. Behavior component on the other hand, entails learned tendency by consumer to react in particular manner towards particular activity or objects. In this way, the psychological effects that drive the understanding of consumer/rational choice are clearly understood and noted. Beliefs Belief is a fundamental component of consumer’s purchasing powers and influences. A consumer may either hold a positive or negative belief towards a product or a store. For instance, some consumers may belief that coffee tastes good while those with negative belief towards this product will say that it stains papers and is easily spilled. Though rare, some consumers have a neutral belief on a product (e.g. coffee is black). Other group of consumers may have an indifference belief about a commodity. Notably, the beliefs consumers carry on products have no to be accurate and at times may be very contra dictory. Since consumers hold a number of beliefs towards the range of products, it is quite had to reach the ‘bottom line’ of such variations in beliefs. Brand equity and consumer attitude Brand equity is an important concept in building and developing marketing strategy. Brand equity is an indication of profitability index as perceived by marketers. However, brand equity depends on brand attitude. From consumers’ point of view, brand equity entails positive brand attitude founded on

Philosophy of Science is about as Useful to Scientists as Ornithology Essay

Philosophy of Science is about as Useful to Scientists as Ornithology is to Birds - Essay Example Philosophers tend to question why things happen the way they do. Science is a field that establishes answers to the questionings from philosophy. According to Feynman, the philosophy of science is an aspect that helps scientists in immense ways although the scientist may never understand the ways in which it does all these. Feynman, as a physician believed in the empirical calculations of science and did not understand the philosophy surrounding science. However, his analogy gives scientists the impetus to analyze the importance of philosophy to science. There is a probability that philosophy contributes a whole lot to science but scientists do not notice. On the other hand, it would be rational to analyze how the two fields interrelate. Many scientists do not believe in philosophy today. This is contrary to what used to be the case before. Many scientists of the old times merged philosophy and science. In the old times, scientists combined science, philosophy, and theology. In the l ife of a scientist today, experimental evidence is fundamental to prove any theory right. Scientists need to understand and define methodologies that lead to a conclusion. Philosophy applies reasoning and rationality and is not an option for many scientists today. It is worth noting that most of scientific breakthroughs started as philosophical enquiries in the past. Pioneers in science found philosophy a worthwhile field and gave it some consideration as a field that could offer insights on nature (Lange, 2007:33). Albert Einstein is a good example of scientists who attached value to philosophy. In one of early books, Einstein argued that everyone should apply philosophy. Some philosophers argue that scientists should adopt... Science and philosophy are two academic fields that seek to establish new knowledge and validate it to pass for the truth. Philosophy does the bigger part of validation and considers empirical; science as a source of information. Some scientists in the past have given philosophy a dismissal because of its lack of substantial evidence. A clear understanding of the two fields will help an individual realize the worth and role of philosophy. The two fields gather knowledge and qualify it as truth using different methods. Scientists should not expect philosophers to dwell on empirical calculations because philosophy as a field uses rationality and logic. On the other hand, science must use experiments and empirical data to ascertain its findings. The two fields may incline on the same issues but they tackle them differently. Philosophy of science plays a bigger role than Feynman claimed. Some critics argue that he contributed to physical philosophy although he did not acknowledge it. Fey nman and his supporters overlooked the importance of philosophy. Underrating philosophy lacks justification because a close examination of its role indicates that it contributes greatly to science. The example of the contributions of philosophy of biology is an illustration that philosophy of science and science can complement each other.

Impact of Globalization On the State Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Impact of Globalization On the State - Essay Example The globalization has brought forth many differences that pertain to different national identities working together to in the direction of achieving a particular task. In addition, the globalization is responsible for the narrowing gap in the economic conditions of the world. The people from different nationalities work for multi-national companies, which offer excellent salary packages. The free market economic principals, combined with capitalist ideology are the driving force for world economies currently working in tandem. This paper discusses few of the impacts that the world is witnessing from globalization, while it can be said that it has brought positive change to the state affairs, there the raging debate on its positive and negative impact. The effects of globalization are seen in terms of both positive and negative impacts for different countries, around the world. The positive impact is the growth in the economy that has resulted in better living standards and prosperity for the larger society. However, the negative impacts include the new wave of migration of human resources from developing to developed nations, which can result in loss of employment in developed countries and forced changes in the social strictures. The new gap created by globalization between rich and poor also leads to increase in criminal offenses. In addition, rich countries may witness depletion in resources, while bringing more pollution problems in some other countries. The direct result of globalization is the outsourcing of manufacturing facilities by countries like the USA to developing nations in Asia. This has resulted in the loss of employment for skilled workers in such countries. The establishment of call centers in Asian countries that attend to queries from European and American consumers of a particular product or service is an example in this direction.

Analysis And Usage Of Cams And Their Followers Engineering Essay

Analysis And Usage Of Cams And Their Followers Engineering Essay A cam follower, also known as a track follower,[1] is a specialized type of roller or needle bearing designed to follow cams. Cam followers come in a vast array of different configurations, however the most defining characteristic is how the cam follower mounts to its mating part; stud style cam followers use a stud while the yoke style has a hole through the middle.[2] The first cam follower was invented and patented in 1937 by Thomas L. Robinson of the McGill Manufacturing Company.[3] It replaced using just a standard bearing and bolt. The new cam followers were easier to use because the stud was already included and they could also handle higher loads.[ / CAM AND MECHANISMS A cam mechanism consists of three elements: the cam, the follower (or follower system), and the frame. The follower is in direct contact with the cam. The cam may be of various shapes. The follower system includes all of the elements to which motion is imparted by the cam. This may be connected directly to the follower, or connected through linkages and gearing. The frame of the machine supports the bearing surfaces for the cam and for the follower. A CAM changes the input motion, which is usually rotary motion (a rotating motion), to a reciprocating motion of the follower. They are found in many machines and toys WHAT IS THE CONCEPT BEHIND CAM? A CAM is a rotating machine element which gives reciprocating or oscillating motion to another element known as follower. The cam and follower has a point or line contact constitute a higher pair or you can say that it is the mechanicl component of a machine that is used to transmit the motion to the another component of the machine called the follower, through a prescribed program by direct contact.The contact between them is maintained by an external force which is generally provided by the spring or sometimes by the weight of the follower itself ,when it is sufficient. Cam is the driver member and the follower is the driven member. The follower is in direct contact with the cam. CAM MECHANISM CONSIST OF THREE MECHANISMS CAM:It may be of many shapes FOLLOWER: It includes all the elements to which motion is imparted by the cam.This may be connected directly by the cam.This may be connected directly to the follower, or connected through linkages and gearing. FRAME: The frame of the machine supports the bearing surfaces for the cam and for the follower. APPLICATIONS OF CAM AND FOLLOWERS Cam and follower are widely used for operating inlet and exhaust valve of I C engine. These are used in wall clock. These are used in feed mechanism of automatic lathe Machine. These are used in paper cutting machine. Used in weaving textile machineries. The cam mechanism is a versatile one. It can be designed to produce almost unlimited types of motioning the follower. It is used to transform a rotary motion into a translating or oscillating motion. On certain occasions, it is also used to transform one translating or oscillating motion into a different translating or oscillating motion. Cams are used in a wide variety of automatic machines and instruments. The certain usuages of cam and followers that includes textile machineries, computers, printing presses, food processing machines, internal combustion engines, and countless other automatic machines, control systems and devices. The cam mechanism is indeed a very important component in modern mechanization. CLASSIFICATION OF CAMS Based on the physical shape Disk or plate cams Working of the disc cam with reciprocating follower. Working of the disc cam with oscillating follower. Cylindrical cam Translating cam CLASSIFICATION OF FOLLOWES (i) Based on surface in contact (a) Knife edge follower (b) Roller follower (c) Flat faced follower (d) Spherical follower (ii) Based on type of motion Oscillating followe Translating follower (iii) Based on line of action Radial (in line) follower (b) Off-set follower Cams can be conveniently classified into two main groups Group a: Cams that impart motion to the follower in a plane in line with the axis of rotation of the cam (as does a cylindrical cam). Group b: Cams that impart motion to the follower in a plane at 90 degrees to the axis of rotation, as with face or edge cams.Most cams fall into this category. TYPES OF CAMS Eccentric cam: A circular cam is often called an eccentric cam because the axis of rotation of the cam is offset from the geometric center of the circular disc. Concentric disc: A concentric disc attached to a rotating shaft would have its axis of rotation coinciding with its geometric center. PROFILE SHAPES OF SOME CAMS: PEAR-SHAPED CAMS: These type cams are often used for controlling valves. For example, they are used on motor car camshafts to operate the engine valves. A follower controlled by a pear-shaped cam remains motionless for about half a revolution of the cam. During the time that the follower is stationary, the cam is in a dwell period. During the other half revolution of the cam, the follower rises and then falls. As the pearshaped cam is symmetrical, the rise motion is the same as the fall motion. Edge cams It must be appreciated that this type of cam, where the follower is in contact with the edge of the cam disc, is only capable of imparting positive motion to its follower in one direction, that is, during the rise portion of the cam movement. During the fall portion of the cam movement the follower must be maintained in contact with the cam either by the mass of the follower and its mechanism or, more usually, by a spring. Both methods have their advantages. Box cams A groove can be milled in the face of cam discs. As the cam rotates, a follower located in the groove has its motion guided by the groove. This type of cam is called a box cam. Cylindrical cams: Cylindrical cams are used when motion has to be transmitted parallel to the axis of rotation of the cam. The cylindrical or barrel cam consists of a rotating cylinder with a helical (screw shaped) groove in its curvedsurface. A follower with a tapered roller end is located in the groove. As the cylinder turns, the follower moves in a straight line parallel to the axis of the rotation barrel cam. This type of cam is often used to guide thread on sewing machines, looms and fabric making machines. CIRCULAR CAMS: These cams are sometimes called eccentric cams. The cam profile is a circle. The center of rotation of the cam is often from the geometric center of the circle. The circular cam produces a smooth form of motion called a simple harmonic motion. These cams are often used to produce motion in pumps. Circular cams are often used to operate steam engine valves. As the cam is symmetrical, the rise and fall motions are the same. HEART SHAPED CAMS: This cam causes the follower to move with a uniform velocity. Heart-shaped cams are essential when the follower motion needs to be uniform or steady as, for example, in the mechanism that winds thread evenly on the bobbin of a sewing machine. A heart-shaped cam can be used for winding wire evenly on the former of a solenoid. UNIFORM ACCELERATION AND RETARDATION CAMS: A cam shaped as shown controls the motion of the follower so that it moves with uniform acceleration and retardation. The follower gains and looses velocity at a constant rate. Uniform acceleration and retardation cams are used to controls the motion of linkages in complex machinery. Types of Cam Followers There are three types of cam followers, and since the type of follower influences the profile of the cam it is worthwhile considering the advantages and disadvantages of each type. The three types are the knife-edge, the roller follower and the flatfoot or mushroom follower. The Knife Edge Follower: This is the simplest type, is not often used due to the rapid rate of wear. When it is adopted, it is usually for reciprocating motion, running in slides and there is considerable side thrust, this being a component of the thrust from the cam. The Roller Follower: This eliminates the problem of rapid wear since the sliding effect is largely replaced by a roller action. Some sliding will still take place due to the varying peripheral speed of the cam profile, due to the changing radius of the point of contact. Note also that the radial position of the contact between the cam and the roller, relative to the follower center, will change according to whether a rise or fall motion is taken place: this fact has to be considered when constructing the cam profile. Again,with the roller follower, considerable side thrusts are present, a disadvantage when dealing with reciprocating motions. This side thrust will be increased when using small rollers. The Flat Foot or Mushroom Follower: This has the advantage that the only side thrust present is that due to the friction between the follower and the cam. The problem of wear is not so great as with the knife-edge follower, since the point of contact between the cam and follower will move across the face of the follower according to the change of shape of the cam. A trick to lessen further the effect of wear is to design the follower to be capable of axial rotation and arrange the axis of the follower to lie to one side of the cam. Thus the contact with the cam will tend to cause rotation of the follower. The cam profile, to work with a flatfoot follower, must be convex at all parts, in order to prevent the corners of the follower digging into the cam profile. The minimum cam radius should be as small as possible to minimize sliding velocity and friction. All three types of cam followers can be mounted in the following ways: 1) In-line with the cam center line, 2) Offset from the cam center line, or 3) Mounted on a swinging radial arm. CAM-VALVE CAM TERMINOLOGY Trace point: A theoretical point on the follower, corresponding to the point of a fictitious knife-edge follower. It is used to generate the pitch curve. In the case of a roller follower, the trace point is at the center of the roller. 2.Pitch curve: The path generated by the trace point at the follower is rotated about a stationary cam. 3. Working curve: The working surface of a cam in contact with the follower. For the knife-edge follower of the plate cam, the pitch curve and the working curves coincide. In a close or grooved cam there is an inner profile and an outer working curve. 4. Pitch circle: A circle from the cam center through the pitch point. The pitch circle radius is used to calculate a cam of minimum size for a given pressure angle. 5. Prime circle (reference circle): The smallest circle from the cam center through the pitch curve. 6. Base circle: The smallest circle from the cam center through the cam profile curve. 7. Stroke or throw: The greatest distance or angle through which the follower moves or rotates. 8. Follower displacement: The position of the follower from a specific zero or rest position (usually its the position when the follower contacts with the base circle of the cam) in relation to time or the rotary angle of the cam. 9. Pressure angle: The angle at any point between the normal to the pitch curve and the instantaneous direction of the follower motion. This angle is important in cam design because it represents the steepness of the cam profile. Some question arises regarding cam and followers: When is a flat faced follower preferred as compared to roller followers and why? Flat faced followers are preferred to roller followers where space is limited for eg: cams with flat followers are used to operate valves of an automobile engine but in case of stationary and oil engines, roller followers are preferred because more space is available. What data is plotted on displacement diagram of cam and follower motion? Ans:Plot of linear displacement i.e. lift or stroke (s) of follower (on Y axis direction) versus angular displacement (ÃŽÂ ¸) of the cam for one rotation (on X axis direction)

Anthem :: essays research papers

Anthem A young man lives in a place where the word "I" does not have meaning. It is a society where there are no individuals. It is, however, a place where you strive to serve your brothers. Equality 7-2521 was taught from birth that the individual is not important. He is in a crazed society where the only form of government is collectivism. Their religion is one of few forces holding this disarranged society from spinning out of control. â€Å"We are nothing. Mankind is all.† (21). Equality, at age 21, has absolutely no freedom. There are three steps to a person’s education when entering the society as defined by the book Anthem. When a child is born they are placed in the House of Infants until they are five years old. There they stay with other children born the same year. After the House of Infants they are sent to the House of Students. They stay in the House of Students until they are fifteen years of age when they enter the work force. Members of a board decide the final step of a person’s education. â€Å"Their hair was white and their faces were cracked as the clay of a dry river bed† (26). Each profession has a housing center and trains the citizens to the specific profession, also known as a â€Å"house†. In this section, his dream of going to the House of Scholars is lost and he is sent to the House of Street Sweepers instead. Here the rules are very strict. He is not allowed to laugh or sing for any reason. Entertainment was a part of daily life for all citizens within this society. Every day they would sing three hymns and watch a play after that. Among the three hymns were â€Å"†¦The Hymn of Brotherhood, and the Hymn of equality, and the Hymn of the Collective Spirit† (27). These were the only two forms of entertainment the workers had time for. All other time was spent working their jobs, eating, sleeping, and/or meeting with fellow workers. Entertainment was a prized piece of their society. Entertainment was the only part of society that kept the citizens content. Without entertainment daily the citizens would have not had such strong beliefs in the group and most likely would have overthrown the government. The science and technology of the society is very underdeveloped. Glass and simple candles were some of the newest inventions. Anthem :: essays research papers Anthem A young man lives in a place where the word "I" does not have meaning. It is a society where there are no individuals. It is, however, a place where you strive to serve your brothers. Equality 7-2521 was taught from birth that the individual is not important. He is in a crazed society where the only form of government is collectivism. Their religion is one of few forces holding this disarranged society from spinning out of control. â€Å"We are nothing. Mankind is all.† (21). Equality, at age 21, has absolutely no freedom. There are three steps to a person’s education when entering the society as defined by the book Anthem. When a child is born they are placed in the House of Infants until they are five years old. There they stay with other children born the same year. After the House of Infants they are sent to the House of Students. They stay in the House of Students until they are fifteen years of age when they enter the work force. Members of a board decide the final step of a person’s education. â€Å"Their hair was white and their faces were cracked as the clay of a dry river bed† (26). Each profession has a housing center and trains the citizens to the specific profession, also known as a â€Å"house†. In this section, his dream of going to the House of Scholars is lost and he is sent to the House of Street Sweepers instead. Here the rules are very strict. He is not allowed to laugh or sing for any reason. Entertainment was a part of daily life for all citizens within this society. Every day they would sing three hymns and watch a play after that. Among the three hymns were â€Å"†¦The Hymn of Brotherhood, and the Hymn of equality, and the Hymn of the Collective Spirit† (27). These were the only two forms of entertainment the workers had time for. All other time was spent working their jobs, eating, sleeping, and/or meeting with fellow workers. Entertainment was a prized piece of their society. Entertainment was the only part of society that kept the citizens content. Without entertainment daily the citizens would have not had such strong beliefs in the group and most likely would have overthrown the government. The science and technology of the society is very underdeveloped. Glass and simple candles were some of the newest inventions.